Citronella oil - Serai Wangi

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Citronella oil is one of the essential oils obtained from the leaves and stems of different species of Cymbopogon. The oil is used extensively as a source of perfumery chemicals such ascitronellal, citronellol and geraniol. These chemicals find extensive use in soap, perfumery, cosmetic and flavouring industries throughout the world.^[1]

Citronella oil is also a renowned plant-based insect repellent, and has been registered for this use in the United States since 1948.^[2] The United States Environmental Protection Agency‎considers oil of citronella as a biopesticide with a non-toxic mode of action.^[3] Research also shows that citronella oil has strong antifungal properties,^[4][5] and is effective in calming barking dogs.^[6]

Types

Citronella oil is classified in trade into two chemotypes:^[7]

• Ceylon type (obtained from Cymbopogon nardus Rendle) consists of geraniol (18-20%), limonene (9-11%), methyl isoeugenol (7-11%), citronellol (6-8%), and citronellal (5-15%).

• Java type (obtained from Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt) consists of citronellal (32-45%), geraniol (11-13%), geranyl acetate (3-8%), limonene (1-4%). The higher proportions ofgeraniol and citronellal in the Java type make it a better source for perfumery derivatives.^[8] [9] The name Cymbopogon winterianus is given to this selected variety to commemorate Mr. Winter—an important oil distiller of Ceylon, who first cultivated and distilled the Maha Pangeri type of citronella in Ceylon.

Both types probably originated from Mana Grass of Sri Lanka, which according to Finnemore (1962) occurs today in two wild forms--Cymbopogon nardus var. linnae (typicus) and C. nardusvar. confertiflorus. Neither wild form is known to be used for distillation to any appreciable extent.

Citronella oil from Cymbopogon species should not be confused with other similar lemony oils from Corymbia citriodora and Pelargonium citrosum.

World production

At present, the world production of citronella oil is approximately 4,000 tonnes. The main producers are China and Indonesia - producing 40% of the world's supply. The oil is also produced in Taiwan, Guatemala, Honduras, Brazil, Sri Lanka, India, Argentina, Ecuador, Jamaica, Madagascar, Mexico, and South Africa.

The market for natural citronella oil has been eroded by chemicals synthesised from turpentine derived from conifers. However, natural citronella oil and its derivatives are preferred by the perfume industry.^[10]

Use as an insect repellent

Citronella oil is popular as a 'natural' insect repellent. Its mosquito repellent qualities have been verified by research,^[11] including effectiveness in repelling Aedes aegypti (yellow fever mosquito). ^[12][13] To be continually effective most citronella repellent formulas need to be reapplied to the skin every 30-60 minutes.^[14]

Research also indicates that citronella oil is an effective repellent for body louse and head louse. ^[15] [16]

Citronella may irritate skin and cause dermatitis in certain individuals. It should not be used on the skin of young children (under 3 years old).

The US Environmental Protection Agency states that citronella oil has little or no toxicity when used as a topical insect repellent, with no reports of adverse effects of concern over a 60 year period. [citation needed] Because some products are applied to human skin, EPA requires proper precautionary labeling to help assure safe use. If used according to label instructions in the US, citronella is not expected to pose health risks to people, including children and other sensitive populations.^[17] The US Food & Drug Administration consider citronella oil as generally recognized as safe (GRAS).

Canadian regulatory concerns with citronella as an insect repellent are primarily based on data-gaps in toxicology, not on incidents.^[18] [19] In Europe, Ceylon type citronella oil is placed on the category 3 list, with some safety concern regarding methyl eugenol.^[20]

Reference

1. ^ Lawless, J., The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Essential Oils, 1995, ISBN 1-85230-661-0
2. ^ "U.S. EPA Citronella Factsheet". Retrieved on July 20 2007.
3. ^ * EPA citronella reregistration fact sheet
4. ^ Kazuhiko NAKAHARA*, Najeeb S. ALZOREKY1 , Tadashi YOSHIHASHI, Huong T. T. NGUYEN2 and Gassinee TRAKOONTIVAKORN, "Chemical Composition and Antifungal Activity of Essential Oil from Cymbopogon nardus (Citronella Grass)", Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS),(Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8686, Japan), JARQ - October 2003 - (Vol. 37 No. 4 )
5. ^ PATTNAIK S., SUBRAMANYAM V. R., KOLE C., 2006, "Antibacterial and antifungal activity of ten essential oils in vitro", Microbios, Vol. 86, No. 349, pp237-246 [1]
6. ^ Segelken, Roger (1996). "Study: 'Nuisance-barking' dogs respond best to citronella spray collars". Cornell Chronicle. Retrieved on 2009-04-22.
7. ^ Chang, Yu Shyun, 2007, 8 Map species from Malaysia for ICS, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Workshop on NFP, 28-29 May 2007, Nanchang, PR China[2]
8. ^ Lawless, J., The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Essential Oils, 1995, ISBN 1-85230-661-0
9. ^ Online referenced article, Torres, R.C., Tio, BDJ, Citronella oil industry: challenges and breakthroughs [3]
10. ^ FOODNET, The Association for Strengthening Agricultural research in Eastern and Central Africa [4]
11. ^ Jeong-Kyu KIM, Chang-Soo KANG, Jong-Kwon LEE, Young-Ran KIM, Hye-Yun HAN, Hwa Kyung YUN, Evaluation of Repellency Effect of Two Natural Aroma Mosquito Repellent Compounds, Citronella and Citronellal, Entomological Research 35 (2), 117–120, 2005
12. ^ Ibrahim Jantan, and Zaridah Mohd. Zaki, Development of environment-friendly insect repellents from the leaf oils of selected Malaysian plants, ASEAN Review of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation (ARBEC), May 1998.
13. ^ Trongtokit Y, Rongsriyan Y, Komalamisra N, Apiwathnasom L, Comparative repellency of 38 essential oils against mosquito bites, Phytother Res. 2005 Apr;19(4):303-9 [5]
14. ^ "Test: Mosquito Repellents, The Verdict" Choice, The Australian Consumers Association
15. ^ Muncuoglu K.Y., Galun R., Bach U., Miller J., Magdassi S., Repellency of essential oils and their components to the human body louse, Pediculus humanus humanus, Entomologia experimentalis et applicata (Entomol. exp. appl.) ISSN 0013-8703 CODEN ETEAAT, vol. 78, no3, pp. 309-314 (14 ref.), 1996. [6]
16. ^ Mumcuoglu,-K-Y; Magdassi,-S; Miller,-J; Ben-Ishai,-F; Zentner,-G; Helbin,-V; Friger,-M; Kahana,-F; Ingber,-A; Repellency of citronella for head lice: double-blind randomized trial of efficacy and safety, Isr-Med-Assoc-J. 2004 Dec; 6(12): 756-9 [7]
17. ^ "U.S. EPA Citronella Factsheet". Retrieved on July 20 2007.
18. ^ (PDF) Re-evaluation of Citronella Oil and Related Active Compounds for Use as Personal Insect Repellents. Pest Management Regulatory Agency (Canada). 2004-09-17. ISBN 0-662-38012-6.
19. ^ "So Then: Who’s Afraid of Citronella Oil? Update!" Cropwatch Newsletter Vol 2,Issue 1, No. 1
20. ^ Chang, Yu Shyun, 2007, 8 Map species from Malaysia for ICS, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Workshop on NFP, 28-29 May 2007, Nanchang, PR China[8]

Cajuput Oil - Minyak Kayu Putih

Cajuput oil is a volatile obtained by distillation from the leaves of the myrtaceous tree Melaleuca leucadendra, and probably other Melaleuca species. The trees yielding the oil are found throughout the Malay archipelago, the Malay Peninsula and over the hotter parts of the Australian continent; but the greater portion of the oil is produced from Sulawesi. The name “cajuput” is derived from its Malay name, “kayu putih” or "white wood".

The oil is prepared from leaves collected on a hot dry day, which are macerated in water, and distilled after fermenting for a night. This oil is extremely pungent, and has the odor of a mixture of turpentine and camphor. It consists mainly of cineol (see terpenes), from which cajuputene, having a hyacinth-like odor, can be obtained by distillation with phosphorus pentoxide. The drug is a typical volatile oil, and is used internally in doses of 2 to 3 minims, for the same purposes as, say, clove oil. It is frequently employed externally as acounterirritant. It is an ingredient in some liniments for sore muscles such as Tiger Balm and Indonesian traditional medicine Minyak Telon.

It is also used as an ingredient in inhalants/decongestants such as Olbas Oil.

Kayu putih (Melaleuca leucadendra syn. M. leucadendron) merupakan pohon anggota suku jambu-jambuan (Myrtaceae) yang dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber minyak kayu putih (cajuput oil). Minyak diekstrak (biasanya disuling dengan uap) terutama dari daun dan rantingnya. Namanya diambil dari warna batangnya yang memang putih.

Tumbuhan ini terutama tumbuh baik di Indonesia bagian timur dan Australia bagian utara, namun demikian dapat pula diusahakan di daerah-daerah lain yang memiliki musim kemarau yang jelas.

Minyak kayu putih mudah menguap. Pada hari yang panas orang yang berdekatan dengan pohon ini akan dapat membauinya dari jarak yang cukup jauh.

Sebagai tumbuhan industri, kayu putih dapat diusahakan dalam bentuk hutan usaha (agroforestri. Perhutani memiliki beberapa hutan kayu putih untuk memproduksinya. Minyak kayu putih yang diambil dari penyulingan biasa dipakai sebagai minyak balur atau campuran minyak pengobatan lain (seperti minyak telon) atau campuran parfum serta produk rumah tangga lain.

Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth; - Herba Nilam

Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth; also patchouly or pachouli) is a species from the genus Pogostemon and a bushy herb of the mintfamily, with erect stems, reaching two or three feet (about 0.75 metre) in height and bearing small pale pink-white flowers. The plant is native to tropical regions of Asia and is now extensively cultivated in Caribbean countries, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mauritius, Philippines, West Africa andVietnam.

Etymology

The scent of patchouli is heavy and strong. It has been used for centuries in perfumes and continues to be so today. The word derives from the Tamilpatchai (Tamil: பச்சை) (green), ellai (Tamil: இலை) (leaf). In Assamese it is known as xukloti.

Pogostemon cablin, P. commosum, P. hortensis, P. heyneasus and P. plectranthoides are all cultivated for their oils and all are known as 'patchouli' oil, but P. cablin is considered superior.

Extraction of the essential oil

Extraction of the essential oil is by steam distillation, requiring the cell walls of the leaves to be first ruptured. This can be achieved by steam scalding, light fermentation, or by drying.

Leaves are harvested several times a year, and where dried may be exported for distillation of the oil. Sources disagree over how to obtain the best quality oil. Some claim the highest quality oil is usually produced from fresh leaves, distilled close to the plantation,^[1] while others claim baling the dried leaves and allowing them to ferment a little is best.^[2]

Uses

In Europe and the US, patchouli oil and incense underwent a surge in popularity in the 1960s and 1970s, mostly among devotees of the free love and hippie lifestyles.

Conditioner and repellent

It has also been used as a hair conditioner for dreadlocks. One study suggests Patchouli oil may serve as an all-purpose insect repellent.^[3]

In several Asian countries, such as Japan and Malaysia, Patchouli is also used as an antidote for venomous snakebites. The plant and oil have a number of claimed health benefits in herbal folk-lore, and its scent is used with the aim of inducing relaxation. Chinese medicine uses the herb to treat headaches, colds, nausea, diarrhea and abdominal pain. Patchouli oil can be purchased from mainstream Western pharmacies and alternative therapy sources as an aromatherapy oil.

Perfume uses

Patchouli is also in widespread use in modern industry. It is a popular component in perfumes, including more than half of perfumes for men.^{[citation needed]} Patchouli is also an important ingredient in East Asian incense. It is also used as a scent in products like paper towels, laundry detergents, and air fresheners. Two important components of the essential oil ispatchoulol and norpatchoulenol.

During the 18th and 19th century silk traders from China travelling to the Middle East packed their silk cloth with dried patchouli leaves to prevent moths from laying their eggs on the cloth.^{[citation needed]} Many historians speculate that this association with opulent eastern goods is why patchouli was considered by Europeans of that era to be a luxurious scent. It is said that Patchouli was used in the linen chests of Queen Victoria in this way.^{[citation needed]}.

Cultivation

Patchouli grows well in warm to tropical climates. It thrives in hot weather but not direct sunlight. If the plant withers due to lack of watering it will recover well and quickly once it has been watered. The seed-bearing flowers are very fragrant and bloom in late fall. The tiny seeds may be harvested for planting, but they are very delicate and easily crushed. Cuttings from the mother plant can also be rooted in water to produce further plants.

References

1. ^ Grieve, Maude(1995) A Modern Herbal [1]. 2007
2. ^ Leung A, Foster S Encyclopedia of common natural ingredients used in food, drugs and cosmetics John Wiley and Sons 1996
3. ^ Phytotherapy Research 2005, vol 19, pp 303–9.

A Two Day Hands-on Course on..AROMATHERAPY FOR WELLNESS AND PRODUCTIVITY, CEPP UTM

A Two Day Hands-on Course on..

AROMATHERAPY FOR WELLNESS AND PRODUCTIVITY

 

Introduction.

Malaysia has the potential to be a prominent essential oil producer due to the abundant availability of herbs and spices. Local herb and spices provide a wide range of essential oils. Aromatherapy is an art of employing volatile plant oils, externally and internally, for preventive health care, healing and relaxation. Aromatherapy is now available in beauty saloon, fitness clubs and hairdresser. Essential oils are used therapeutically in modern hospitals as well as complementary health centers. Hence, essential oils and aromatherapy products have the potential sales and remain attractive enough for companies to conduct

experiment and sales.

 

Course content;

• Essential oils from plants to final product
• Plant physiology distillation and other methods
• History of aromatherapy - ancient and modern
• How to use essential oils for health and productivity
• Essential oils – storage, carriers & methods of use, safety data
• How to perform a consultation for aromatherapy
• Demonstration of facial aromatherapy
• Aromachemistry – the chemistry of essential oils
• Aromatherapy - uses and applications including massage, bath, inhalation and compress
• Coverage of 12 essential oils their characteristics, - therapeutic uses and how to apply them
• Essential oils blending
• Popular recipes of essential blends
• Hands-on essential oils blending and product formulation - candle, soap, perfume and massage oil
• Participants work in pairs – facial aromatherapy

At the end of the course, participants will be able to

• Apply the essential oils in aromatherapy product.
• Highlight the potential uses of essential oil as aromatherapy materials in a wide variety of products such as fragrance, cosmetics, toiletries, detergents and pharmaceuticals.
• Updated with the current trends and developments in essential oil and aromatherapy industry.
• Practice aromatherapy on a self-employed basis working from a clinic or at home.
• Gain employment as aromatherapy for example at a clinic or health spa.
• Work as a volunteer providing aromatherapy to patients in residential care, hospice and hospitals.

Who should attend;

Entrepreneurs, Scientists and Engineers working in the following industry:

• HERBAL .
• NUTRACEUTICAL
• COSMETICS .
• PHARMACEUTICAL
• and OTHER RELATED INDUSTRIES

Tutors;

Ms. Nor Zalina Othman

Nor Zalina Othman graduated from University of Plymouth with a Bachelor in

Biological Science, majoring in Biotechnology and holds a Diploma in Microbiology from Universiti Teknologi Mara. She specializes in the development of microbiology technique for biotechnology application especially in microbiology aspects in industrial product and fermentation technology. Being one of the experienced Research Officers for CEPP UTM, she is also a qualified aromatherapist accreditted by International Therapy Examination Council (ITEC), London with a Diploma in Aromatherapy and a Diploma in Holistic Massage.

Ms. Rosnani Hasham@Hisam

Rosnani Hasham has 5 years experience as a full time Research Officer at CEPP UTM and specializes in phytochemical product formulations. Being responsible as Head of the Flavour and Fragrance Business Unit, she possesses wide experience in the research of essential oils and usage. She has successfully developed Aromatherapy Sleep Inducer for the insomnia clients. Currently, she serves as course tutor for the short courses related to aromatherapy at CEPP. She graduated from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia with a degree in Chemical Engineering (Bioprocess). She also holds a Diploma in Holistic Massage and a Diploma in Aromatherapy from International Therapy Examination Council (ITEC),London.

 

For more information please contact :-

 

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PILOT PLANT

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

81310 UTM Skudai, Johor

Tel : +607- 5531559 Fax : +607 - 5569706

Attn : Miss Adibah Email : adibah@cepp.utm.my

CEPP Rumah Semarak, UTM INTERNATIONAL CAMPUS

54100 Kuala Lumpur

Tel : +603 - 2615 4358 Fax : +603 - 26937921

Attn : Mrs. Yatie Email : nikyati@cepp.utm.my